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Grammar reference
Vowels — the 2×2 inventory
| Unrounded | Rounded | |
|---|---|---|
| Back | a, ı | o, u |
| Front | e, i | ö, ü |
2-way vowel harmony (low)
| Last vowel of stem | Suffix |
|---|---|
| a, ı, o, u | a |
| e, i, ö, ü | e |
Used by: plural -lar/-ler, locative -de/-da, dative -e/-a, ablative -den/-dan, negation -ma/-me.
4-way vowel harmony (high)
| Last vowel | Suffix |
|---|---|
| a, ı | ı |
| e, i | i |
| o, u | u |
| ö, ü | ü |
Used by: accusative -(y)ı, possessive -(s)ı, -li/-siz/-lik, mi-question.
Pronouns + cases
| Pronoun | Possessive | Dative |
|---|---|---|
| ben (I) | benim | bana |
| sen (you) | senin | sana |
| o (he/she/it) | onun | ona |
| biz (we) | bizim | bize |
| siz (you pl/formal) | sizin | size |
| onlar (they) | onların | onlara |
Personal endings — Type 1 (copula, present, future)
| Person | Suffix (4-way) |
|---|---|
| 1sg | -(y)ım/-im/-um/-üm |
| 2sg | -sın/-sin/-sun/-sün |
| 3sg | ∅ (none) |
| 1pl | -(y)ız/-iz/-uz/-üz |
| 2pl | -sınız/-siniz/-sunuz/-sünüz |
| 3pl | -lar/-ler (2-way) |
Personal endings — Type 2 (past, conditional)
| Person | Suffix |
|---|---|
| 1sg | -m |
| 2sg | -n |
| 3sg | ∅ |
| 1pl | -k |
| 2pl | -nız/-niz/-nuz/-nüz |
| 3pl | -lar/-ler |
The seven cases (with example ev = house)
| Case | Suffix | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ∅ | ev (the house) |
| Accusative (def.) | -(y)ı/i/u/ü | evi |
| Dative (to) | -(y)e/a | eve |
| Locative (at, in) | -de/da | evde |
| Ablative (from) | -den/dan | evden |
| Genitive (of) | -(n)in | evin |
| Instrumental (with) | ile / -(y)la | evle |
Question particle "mi"
Written as a separate word, then takes the personal ending. 4-way harmony.
| Statement | Question |
|---|---|
| Türksün | Türk müsün? |
| İyisiniz | İyi misiniz? |
| Bu kitap. | Bu kitap mı? |
Survival phrases
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📝 Quiz me on this week 🔍 Parse a Turkish sentence 🎭 Role-play a scenario ✏️ Correct my writing ➕ Generate more drill sentences Open Claude (blank)Capture in the wild
Tier 2 — coming Month 2.
Snap a Turkish sign, menu, or page. Claude Vision will translate it, parse every suffix, explain register, and offer to add the new words to your Anki deck.
Snap a Turkish sign, menu, or page. Claude Vision will translate it, parse every suffix, explain register, and offer to add the new words to your Anki deck.
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